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Financial Accounting and Reporting/Blueprint/2.H

Debt (financial liabilities)

Area 2: Select Balance Sheet Accounts (30-40%)

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Topics

  • Notes and bonds payable
  • Debt covenant compliance

Lessons

  • DebtFree

Study Frameworks

Debt Modification vs. Extinguishment (ASC 470-50)

Has the creditor changed (i.e., new creditor has replaced the original creditor)?
Yes
Extinguishment — derecognize old debt, record new debt at fair value, recognize gain/loss
No
Do the cash flows under the new terms differ by more than 10% from the original terms (present value test)?
Yes
Extinguishment (substantially different terms) — derecognize old debt, record new at FV, recognize gain/loss. New fees capitalized
No
Modification — keep the old debt on the books. Adjust effective interest rate prospectively. Expense third-party fees; adjust carrying amount for creditor fees

Gain on Extinguishment of Debt

Gain (Loss) = Carrying Amount of Debt − Reacquisition Price

Carrying amount = Face ± unamortized premium/discount − unamortized issuance costs. Positive result = gain; negative = loss. Reported in income from continuing operations

Bond Carrying Amount

Face Value ± Unamortized Premium/Discount

Premium: stated rate > market rate. Discount: stated rate < market rate.

Effective Interest (Bond Amort.)

Interest Expense = Carrying Amount × Market Rate at Issuance

Bond Issuance — Premium vs. Discount

FeaturePremiumDiscount
ConditionStated rate > Market rate at issuanceStated rate < Market rate at issuance
Issue priceAbove face valueBelow face value
Carrying amount over timeDecreases toward face valueIncreases toward face value
Interest expense vs. cash paidInterest expense < Cash paidInterest expense > Cash paid
Amortization effectReduces interest expense below couponIncreases interest expense above coupon
At maturityCarrying amount = Face valueCarrying amount = Face value
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