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Financial Accounting and Reporting/Blueprint/2.I

Equity

Area 2: Select Balance Sheet Accounts (30-40%)

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Topics

  • Equity issuance, dividends, splits, and treasury stock

Lessons

  • EquityFree

Study Frameworks

Financial Statements Overview

Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Current & non-current assets
Current & long-term liabilities
Stockholders' equity
Income Statement
Revenue
Cost of goods sold
Operating expenses
Other income/expenses
Income tax expense
Statement of Cash Flows
Operating activities
Investing activities
Financing activities
Statement of Stockholders' Equity
Common/preferred stock
APIC
Retained earnings
Treasury stock
AOCI

Treasury Stock: Cost Method or Par Value Method?

Which method does the entity use for treasury stock?
Yes
Cost method (most common): Record treasury stock at the price paid to reacquire. On reissuance, is the reissuance price > cost?
Yes
DR Cash, CR Treasury Stock (at cost), CR APIC — Treasury Stock (excess)
No
DR Cash, DR APIC — Treasury Stock (to extent of prior gains on same class), DR Retained Earnings (remainder), CR Treasury Stock (at cost)
No
Par value method: Record treasury stock at par value on acquisition. Was the reacquisition price > original issuance price?
Yes
DR Treasury Stock (at par), DR APIC (original excess over par), DR Retained Earnings (excess of reacquisition over original issue price), CR Cash
No
DR Treasury Stock (at par), DR APIC (original excess over par), CR APIC — Treasury Stock (if reacquisition < original issue price), CR Cash

Equity Transactions — Journal Entry Summary

TransactionDebitCreditKey Note
Issue stock at parCashCommon/Preferred StockRare — usually issued above par
Issue stock above parCashCommon Stock + APICAPIC = excess over par
Stock dividend (small, <20-25%)Retained Earnings (at FV)Common Stock + APICCapitalize at fair value of shares distributed
Stock dividend (large, ≥20-25%)Retained Earnings (at par)Common StockCapitalize at par value only; no APIC entry
Stock splitNo journal entryNo journal entryMemo entry — par value per share decreases, shares increase
Purchase treasury (cost method)Treasury Stock (at cost)CashContra-equity; reduces total equity
Reissue treasury above costCashTreasury Stock + APIC-TSExcess over cost to APIC-Treasury Stock
Reissue treasury below costCash + APIC-TS (+ RE if needed)Treasury StockDeficit first reduces APIC-TS from prior transactions, then RE
Cash dividend declaredRetained EarningsDividends PayableRecord on declaration date; payable is current liability

Stock Compensation — Key Entries

EventDebitCredit
Grant date (options)No entryNo entry
Each vesting periodCompensation ExpenseAPIC — Stock Options
Exercise of optionsCash + APIC — Stock OptionsCommon Stock + APIC
Forfeiture (actual)APIC — Stock OptionsCompensation Expense (reverse)
DRIPDividends (cash), Retained earnings impact, Issuances of stock, Purchases of treasury stock

The four major categories of equity transactions that flow through the Statement of Stockholders' Equity. DRIP captures what DRIPs equity value: distributions out (dividends, treasury purchases) and additions in (retained earnings from income, stock issuances).

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